www射-国产免费一级-欧美福利-亚洲成人福利-成人一区在线观看-亚州成人

   
 

'Lhasa Convention' proves nothing

By Lian Xiangmin (China Daily)
Updated: 2008-06-03 07:48

Some foreigners have wrongly taken the "Lhasa Convention" as proof that Tibet is a sovereign country. However the treaty only shows the history of British aggressions in China's Tibet.

The fact that Tibet is part of China's sovereign territory is not only the consensus of the international community nowadays, but also the shared view of countries before the 20th century.

Even in the late 19th century and the beginning of 20th century when China was suffering from incessant aggression by Western imperialists, all the countries in the world still dealt with affairs relating to Tibet via the central government of the Qing Dynasty (1644-1911).

However, the imperialist forces took advantage of a weak Qing government and began plotting to carve up China.

The "Great Game" between Britain and Russia continued beyond the turn of the century, which prompted the Governor-General and Viceroy of British India Goerge Curzon to make efforts to bring Tibet into Britain's sphere of influence.

Seeking to prevent the Russian Empire from interfering in Tibetan affairs and thus gaining a foothold in one of the buffer states surrounding British India, Curzon appointed F. E Younghusband, then a major, to serve as British commissioner to Tibet from 1902-04.

Under orders from Curzon, Younghusband, jointly with John Claude White, the Political Officer for Sikkim, led a British expedition to Tibet, whose putative aim was to settle disputes over the Sikkim-Tibet border but whose true aim was to establish British hegemony in Tibet.

In December 1903, the British army invaded Tibet. The Tibetan army and civilians rose to resist but were defeated.

After the invaders occupied Lhasa in August 1904, they found that the 13th Dalai Lama had fled out of the city.

On September 7, 1904, seven British representatives, including Younghusband, compelled the Tibet local government official Lo Sang Gyal-Tsen, the Ga-den Ti-Rimpoche, and the council of three monasteries, and some other local officials to sign the "Lhasa Convention".

But because the Ministry of External Affairs of then Qing government believed the "Lhasa Convention" would do damage to national sovereignty, the government's Resident Minister to Tibet Youtai refused to sign it, thereby making it ineffectual.

At that time, the resident minister to Tibet supervised the handling of Tibetan affairs on behalf of the central government of the Qing Dynasty, enjoying equal standing with the Dalai and the Panchen Lama.

In 1906, China and Britain signed "Beijing Treaty", attaching "Lhasa Convention" as its affiliated treaty, and stipulating that China will not allow any foreign country, including Britain, to occupy Tibet and interfere into Tibet's affairs.

It is unreasonable for some historians and politicians to try to prove "then Tibet was independent" with the "Lhasa Convention".

Without the central government's authorization, or the signature of the then resident minister to Tibet, or the 13th Dalai Lama's agreement, the "Lhasa Convention" was illegal.

Assuming that a foreign army invades into Britain and forces local acting administration to sign a treaty aimed at having a big bite on Britain's land, will anybody recognize such a treaty?

We could see from history that China, even in the final years of the weak Qing Dynasty, did not let Tibet be split from the country. Today, the campaign for "Tibet independence" is even more impossible to succeed.

The author is a Chinese expert in Tibetan studies



Top China News  
Today's Top News  
Most Commented/Read Stories in 48 Hours
主站蜘蛛池模板: 日韩欧美毛片免费看播放 | 欧美区一区二 | 日韩一区二区三区视频在线观看 | 亚洲国产精品综合久久 | 国产精品久久一区 | 中文字幕有码在线 | 伊人色综合7777 | 日本一区二区三区四区不卡 | 久久精品国产三级不卡 | 手机看片日韩日韩国产在线看 | 女人一级特纯黄大片色 | 99久久亚洲综合精品网站 | 免费人成综合在线视频 | 亚洲国产韩国一区二区 | 久操影视 | 国产区一区二区三区 | 美女被免费网站在线视频软件 | aaa免费视频 | 日韩精品一区二区三区中文在线 | 国产精品9| 天天鲁天天爱天天鲁天天 | 久久综合久久久久 | 国产一区亚洲 | 中国农村一级毛片 | 久久99精品久久久久久 | 美女黄色在线看 | 97视频在线观看免费播放 | 国产在线精品成人一区二区三区 | 日韩中文字幕在线免费观看 | 精品国产自在在线在线观看 | 国产美女在线精品亚洲二区 | 亚洲人成网站在线观看播放 | 91精品啪在线看国产网站 | 怡红院最新免费全部视频 | 欧洲亚洲一区二区三区 | 在线观看国产情趣免费视频 | 99热成人| 日韩免费一区二区三区 | 日韩1页| 加勒比色综合 | 日本高清专区一区二无线 |