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Updated: 2002-08-19 01:00

'Asian Brown Cloud' poses global threat (2002/08/19)

"亞洲褐云"來勢洶洶 引起世界一片恐慌 (2002/08/19)

'Asian Brown Cloud' poses global threat
The lives of millions of people are at risk, both from the toxic haze and the weather change it brings, the study shows
A dense blanket of pollution, dubbed the "Asian Brown Cloud," is hovering over South Asia, with scientists warning it could kill millions of people in the region, and pose a global threat.

In the biggest-ever study of the phenomenon, 200 scientists warned that the cloud, estimated to be three kilometers thick, is responsible for hundreds of thousands of deaths a year from respiratory disease.

By slashing the sunlight that reaches the ground by 10 to 15 percent, the choking smog has also altered the region's climate, cooling the ground while heating the atmosphere, scientists said.

The potent haze lying over the entire Indian subcontinent -- from Sri Lanka to Afghanistan -- has led to some erratic weather, sparking flooding in Bangladesh, Nepal and northeastern India, but drought in Pakistan and northwestern India.

"There are also global implications, not least because a pollution parcel like this, which stretches three kilometers high, can travel half way round the globe in a week, " U.N. Environment Program chief Klaus Toepfer told a news conference in London on Sunday.

The U.N.'s preliminary report comes three weeks before the Earth Summit in Johannesburg, which opens on August 26, where all eyes will be on how not to overburden the planet.

Global threat
While haze hovers over other parts of the world, including America and Europe, what surprised scientists was just how far the cloud extended, and how much black carbon was in it, according to India's National Physical Laboratory.

A cocktail of aerosols, ash, soot and other particles, the haze's reach extends far beyond the study zone of the Indian subcontinent, and towards East and Southeast Asia.

While many scientists once thought that only lighter greenhouse gases, such as carbon dioxide, could travel across the Earth, they now say that aerosol clouds can too.

"Biomass burning" from forest fires, vegetation clearing and fossil fuel was just as much to blame for the shrouding haze as dirty industries from Asia's great cities, the study found.

A large part of the aerosol cloud comes from inefficient cookers, where fuels such as cow dung and kerosene are used to cook food in many parts of Asia.

Acid rain
Using data from ships, planes and satellites to study Asia's haze during the northern winter months of 1995 to 2000, scientists discovered not only that the smog cut sunlight, heating the atmosphere, but also that it created acid rain, a serious threat to crops and trees, as well as contaminating oceans and hurting agriculture.

The report suggested the pollution could be cutting India's winter rice harvest by as much as 10 percent.

The report calculated that the cloud could cut rainfall over northwest Pakistan, Afghanistan, western China and western central Asia by up to 40 percent.

While scientists say they still need more scientific data, they suggest the regional and global impact of the haze will intensify over the next 30 years.

In the next phase of the project, scientists will collect data from the entire Asian region, over more seasons with more observation sites and refine their techniques.

But because the lifetime of pollutants is short and they can be rained out, scientists are hopeful that if Asians use more efficient ways of burning fuel, such as better stoves, and cleaner sources of energy, time has not run out.

(Agencies)

由于環境污染嚴重,如今亞洲南部的上空籠罩著污濁不堪的空氣層,被稱作"亞洲褐云"。科學家警告說這種情況將造成亞洲地區上百萬人喪生,同時還會對全世界的環境造成威脅。

在這次大規模的研究中,200位科學家提出警告,認為這朵厚達三公里的"亞洲褐云"正是導致每年成千上百人死于呼吸道疾病的真正"殺手"。

科學家們說,這層令人窒息的煙霧阻擋住了10%到15%射向地面的陽光,而且業已改變了南亞地區的氣候,使得地面溫度下降而大氣溫度升高。

這一大片黑壓壓的煙霧籠罩了從斯里蘭卡到阿富汗的整個印度半島,導致了該地區氣候反常,造成的直接惡果是孟加拉、尼泊爾和印度東北部洪水泛濫,相反巴基斯坦和印度西北部卻是大旱成災。

聯合國環境署主席克勞斯·特普費爾8月11日在倫敦一個新聞發布會上說:"全世界范圍內的環境污染已經初見端倪,僅僅亞洲上空這一片三公里厚的烏云,就可以在一周之內迅速蔓延,籠罩半個地球。"

8月26日將要在南非約翰內斯堡召開地球首腦會議,屆時與會各國將共同商討如何為我們生活的星球"減負"。聯合國的初步環境調查報告將于大會召開前三周提交。

全球風聲鶴唳

印度國家物理實驗室稱,如今這片污濁的煙霧已經蔓延到了世界其他地區,包括美洲和歐洲,科學家們對這片褐云能夠覆蓋如此大的范圍深感吃驚,此外,還有煙霧里面的黑色碳的含量之高也是讓人觸目驚心的。

這片煙霧里夾雜著懸浮顆粒、灰塵、煤煙灰和其他污染物。如今這片褐云的覆蓋范圍早已超出了印度半島的研究地帶,正在向亞洲東部和東南部蔓延。

從前許多科學家認為只有那些較輕的能夠引起溫室效應的氣體,例如二氧化碳,才能夠圍繞地球游動,但是現在看來帶有懸浮顆粒的煙霧也是可以的。

研究發現,除了亞洲大城市中一些污染環境的工業之外,森林大火、植被清除和燃料燃燒對環境同樣造成了嚴重的污染,因而也是這片亞洲褐云形成的原因之一。

這片煙霧中的懸浮顆粒主要是由于燃料的不充分燃燒造成的,因為亞洲許多地區人們還在使用牛糞和煤油作燃料來做飯,這樣的燃料往往是不能充分燃燒的。

'Asian Brown Cloud' poses global threat

嚴重的環境污染引起酸雨

酸雨橫行肆虐

科學家們通過飛船、飛機和衛星發回的1995年到2000年亞洲北部冬季期間的有關氣象數據來對亞洲臟霧進行分析研究。研究發現,這片煙霧不僅僅能阻斷陽光射入和引起大氣層升溫,而且還能夠引起酸雨,這就對農作物和樹木構成了威脅,而且還會對海洋造成污染,對農業造成傷害。

研究報告分析這樣的環境污染能夠造成印度冬季稻米減產10%。

此外,據報告統計,這片臟霧能夠使得巴基斯坦西北部、阿富汗、中國西部和中亞西部的降雨量減少40%。

盡管對臟霧的研究還需要更多的科學數據,但是科學家們認為這片亞洲臟霧對亞洲地區乃至全球的惡劣影響將會在今后的30年內逐漸惡化。

這項研究計劃的下一個階段中,科學家們將從整個亞洲地區收集數據,擴大觀測季節和觀測地點的范圍,并且使用更先進的科技手段。

但是由于污染物的存活時間短,而且能夠被雨水沖洗掉,因此科學家們認為,如果亞洲人民在使用燃料的時候能夠換用更為有效的方法,例如使用更高級一些的火爐,改用更為清潔的能源等等,這樣人類就還能有時間拯救我們的地球。

(中國日報網站譯)

 
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