www射-国产免费一级-欧美福利-亚洲成人福利-成人一区在线观看-亚州成人

Center

Circumcision reduces HIV risk

(AP)
Updated: 2007-02-23 08:45
Large Medium Small
LONDON - Scientists say conclusive data shows there is no question circumcision reduces men's chances of catching HIV by up to 60 percent — a finding experts are hailing as a major breakthrough in the fight against AIDS. Now, the question is how to put that fact to work to combat AIDS across Africa.

The findings first were announced in December, when initial results from two major trials — in Kenya and Uganda — showed promising links between circumcision and HIV transmission. However, those trials were deemed so definitive that the tests were halted early.

The full data from the trials, carried out by the United States' National Institutes of Health, were published Friday in The Lancet.

"This is an extraordinary development," said Dr. Kevin de Cock, director of the World Health Organization's AIDS department. "Circumcision is the most potent intervention in HIV prevention that has been described."

Circumcision has long been suspected of reducing men's susceptibility to HIV infection because the cells in the foreskin of the penis are especially vulnerable to the virus.

A modeling study done last year projected that in the next decade, male circumcision could prevent 2 million AIDS infections and 300,000 deaths. Last year, 2.8 million people in sub-Saharan Africa became infected with HIV, and 2.1 million people died.

Experts say the breakthrough is a significant one on par with the identification of the virus and the use of lifesaving combination drug therapy.

The two US studies confirm similar results from an earlier trial in South Africa. Given the recent failure of a microbicide trial in Africa and India, and the ongoing difficulties in developing an AIDS vaccine, the potential of circumcision as a new weapon against HIV has become even more significant.

But they caution solid evidence is not justification for mass circumcisions.

African health systems are already overburdened. Circumcision requires much more planning than, for example, an immunization campaign.

"It's a tricky one, but it's something we're going to have to move on," said Dr. Catherine Hankins, a scientific adviser at UNAIDS.

"Male circumcision is such a sensitive religious and cultural issue that we need to be careful," she said.

Several African countries have already met with UN agencies to explore new strategies for increasing circumcision services. Swaziland, for instance, recently experimented with a series of "Circumcision Saturdays," where existing health care facilities, normally closed on weekends, were opened by local doctors to circumcise approximately 40 men a day on certain Saturdays.

Providing circumcisions across Africa would not be the first time surgical procedures have been adopted by public health campaigns.

"Cataract surgeries have been carried out extremely efficiently to prevent blindness worldwide," said Dr. Richard Hayes, an AIDS expert at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine. In some places, the cataract surgeries are performed by trained paramedics.

In recent years, the fight against the AIDS pandemic has focused on the provision of lifesaving drugs. The circumcision data gives prevention, rather than treatment, renewed emphasis.

"Treating people with antiretrovirals is completely unsustainable unless we can turn off the tap of infection," said Hayes.

While circumcision may offer new hope, it is not a cure for the epidemic.

"This is an additional tool, and it must not replace other interventions," said de Cock, who added that there will be no push for universal circumcision. "There is no one size fits all solution for AIDS."

Together with the United Nations AIDS agency, WHO is convening a meeting in Switzerland in early March to evaluate the circumcision data, and to decide on the next steps in slowing the AIDS pandemic.

In the Kenyan study, 1,391 circumcised men were compared to 1,393 who were not. And in Uganda, 2,474 circumcised men were compared to 2,522 men who were not. After tracking the men for two years, scientists found that circumcised men were 51 to 60 percent less likely to contract HIV than their uncircumcised counterparts. Since the studies were stopped, all the men have been offered the opportunity to be circumcised. And all the men were warned not to lapse into sexually risky behavior, such as abandoning condom use.

Scientists theorize that women would benefit indirectly from lower HIV prevalence in men, and a study is currently ongoing in Uganda to determine this.

In areas where HIV is spread primarily through heterosexual sex, such as sub-Saharan Africa, male circumcision could theoretically slash the infection rate in half.

It is unknown whether circumcision would be equally effective in concentrated AIDS epidemics, as in Asia and eastern Europe, where AIDS primarily strikes gay men and drug users.

分享按鈕
主站蜘蛛池模板: 特黄的欧美毛片 | 国产三级香港在线观看 | 国产精品美女免费视频大全 | 免费一区在线观看 | 日本韩国一级毛片中文字幕 | 黄色毛片播放 | 欧美一级视频精品观看 | 亚洲国产精品线在线观看 | 日韩欧美视频在线一区二区 | 日韩视频精品在线 | 国产精品成人观看视频免费 | 高清视频一区 | 亚洲精品国产国语 | 久久久久综合一本久道 | 亚洲 自拍 欧美 综合 | 国产成人精选免费视频 | 欧美成在线视频 | 日本 片 成人 在线 日本68xxxxxxxxx老师 | 欧美亚洲网站 | 国产90后美女露脸在线观看 | 国产午夜视频 | 美女视频网站免费播放视 | 日本成人三级 | 全部免费国产潢色一级 | 亚洲第一看片 | 成年男女男精品免费视频网站 | 97在线观看免费版 | 特黄大片aaaaa毛片 | 成人在线免费视频播放 | 国产亚洲国产bv网站在线 | 久久不雅视频 | 男女乱淫免费视频 | 午夜宅男在线永久免费观看网 | 久久国产一片免费观看 | 精品国产品香蕉在线观看 | 91日韩精品天海翼在线观看 | 黄色激情网站 | 伊人成人在线 | 欧美视频在线观 | 国产高清视频免费观看 | 国产在线观看免费 |