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美華盛頓州花六年使法律“中性化”

Wash. state considers gender-neutral language bill

中國(guó)日?qǐng)?bào)網(wǎng) 2013-02-05 08:56

 

美華盛頓州花六年使法律“中性化”

Kyle Thiessen, the state of Washington's code reviser, looks at a shelf of pending legislation in his office, Wednesday, Jan. 30, 2013 at the Capitol in Olympia, Wash.

In Washington state, dairymen, freshmen and even penmanship could soon be things of the past.

Over the past six years, state officials have engaged in the onerous task of changing the language used in the state's copious laws, including thousands of words and phrases, many written more than a century ago when the idea of women working on police forces or on fishing boats wasn't a consideration.

That process is slated to draw to a close this year. So while the state has already welcomed "firefighters," "clergy" and "police officers" into its lexicon, "ombuds" (in place of ombudsman) and "security guards" (previously "watchmen,") appear to be next, along with "dairy farmers," "first-year students" and "handwriting."

"Some people would say 'oh, it's not a big thing, do you really have to go through the process of changing the language,'" said Seattle Councilmember Sally Clark who was one of the catalysts for the change. "But language matters. It's how we signal a level of respect for each other."

About half of all US states have moved toward such gender-neutral language at varying levels, from drafting bills to changing state constitutions, according to the National Conference of State Legislatures. Florida and Minnesota have already completely revised their laws as Washington state is doing.

The final installment of Washington state's bill already has sailed through the Senate Commerce and Labor Committee with unanimous approval. The nearly 500-page bill has one more committee stop scheduled before full Senate debate.

Crispin Thurlow, a sociolinguist and associate professor of language and communication at the University of Washington-Bothell, said the project was admirable.

He said that as language evolves, such efforts are more than symbolic.

"Changing words can change what we think about the world around us," he said. "These tiny moments accrue and become big movements."

As in past bills on the issue that have tackled sections of the state code, some revisions were as simple as adding "or her" after "his." Others required a little more scrutiny. Phrases like "man's past" changes to "humankind's past" and a "prudent man or woman" is simply a "prudent person." Kyle Thiessen, the state's code reviser who has been working on the project along with two attorneys since 2008, said that the work was not without obstacles.

Words like "manhole" and "manlock" aren't so easily replaced. Substitutes have been suggested — "utility hole" and "air lock serving as a decompression chamber for workers." But Thiessen said those references will be left alone to avoid confusion.

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(Source: Yahoo)

在華盛頓州,諸如“牛奶房工人”、“大學(xué)新生”甚至“書法”這類英文含有“man”有男性傾向的詞很快都會(huì)成為過去。

在過去六年里,州政府官員一直忙于一項(xiàng)繁重的任務(wù),即更換華盛頓州眾多法律里的語(yǔ)言,包括成千上萬的單詞和短語(yǔ)。這些法律條文很多都是一個(gè)多世紀(jì)之前撰寫的,當(dāng)時(shí)根本沒有考慮到女性在警局或漁業(yè)工作的可能性。

這道工序預(yù)定在今年結(jié)束。華盛頓州已經(jīng)在其詞庫(kù)里更新了諸如“消防員”、“神職人員”、“警員”等詞匯,之后“監(jiān)察專員”、“保安”、“乳牛廠工人”、“大學(xué)新生”、“書法”等中性的詞也會(huì)相繼代替含有“man”的原有詞匯。

西雅圖市議員薩利?克拉克是此次語(yǔ)言變革的推動(dòng)者之一,他表示:“有些人也許會(huì)說語(yǔ)言變革并不重要,沒必要費(fèi)這么多精力更換這些語(yǔ)言。但語(yǔ)言是尤為重要的,它代表了我們彼此尊重的程度。”

根據(jù)全美州議會(huì)會(huì)議,美國(guó)約一半的州在不同程度上采取了起草法案以及改變州憲法等多種措施進(jìn)行中性語(yǔ)言改革。佛羅里達(dá)州和明尼蘇達(dá)州已經(jīng)和華盛頓州一樣對(duì)法律用詞進(jìn)行了徹底修改。

華盛頓州議案的最后一部分已經(jīng)獲參議院商業(yè)和勞工委員會(huì)全體一致通過。這份近500頁(yè)的議案經(jīng)委員會(huì)最后一次審核即可送往參議院進(jìn)行全面討論。

社會(huì)語(yǔ)言學(xué)家兼華盛頓大學(xué)博塞爾校區(qū)語(yǔ)言與交流專業(yè)副教授克里斯平?瑟洛表示這個(gè)項(xiàng)目很棒。

他認(rèn)為隨著語(yǔ)言的不斷發(fā)展演變,這種努力不僅具有象征意義,還具有實(shí)際意義。

他說道:“改變用詞能夠改變我們思考周圍世界的方式,這些微小的時(shí)刻累積起來會(huì)帶來巨大的改變。”

就像過去在處理州法律章節(jié)相關(guān)問題的議案那樣,有些修訂只是簡(jiǎn)單地在“他”后面加上“或她”。其他一些修訂則需要更多的斟酌,比如把“(男)人的過去”改為“人類的過去”,把“謹(jǐn)慎的男人或女人”改為“謹(jǐn)慎的人”。州法規(guī)修訂人凱爾?狄森從2008年以來就一直和兩名律師一起從事這個(gè)項(xiàng)目,他表示工作過程中遇到不少障礙。

要替換像“檢修孔”和“人孔閘”這些含有“man”的詞就沒那么容易。有人提議用“故障排查洞”和“給工人減壓的氣閘”來替換上述兩個(gè)詞,但狄森表示不會(huì)采納這些參考意見以免引起人們的困惑。

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(中國(guó)日?qǐng)?bào)網(wǎng)英語(yǔ)點(diǎn)津 實(shí)習(xí)生徐凌晨 編輯:陳丹妮)

Vocabulary:

penmanship: 書法;筆跡;筆法

onerous: 繁重的

copious: 很多的,大量的

slate: 預(yù)定,規(guī)劃

ombudsman: 監(jiān)察專員(專門負(fù)責(zé)調(diào)查人民對(duì)政府各部門控告案件的官員)

accrue: 積累

 

 

 
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